Skip to content
DolceLingo
Italian grammar
A16 min

How to Make Italian Nouns Plural

Italian plurals change the last vowel instead of adding -s. Four rules cover most nouns — here they are, with the exceptions worth knowing.

English adds -s and Persian adds «ها» or «ان». Italian does neither: it swaps the final vowel. Because the ending tells you the gender, the plural ending follows from it — which is one more reason to learn every noun with its article.

The four main rules

  • -o → -i (masculine): il libro → i libri
  • -a → -e (feminine): la casa → le case
  • -e → -i (either gender): il fiore → i fiori, la chiave → le chiavi
  • No change for words ending in an accented vowel, short forms and most foreign words: il caffè → i caffè, la città → le città, la foto → le foto, il film → i film

Vorrei due caffè e tre cornetti, per favore.

I'd like two espressos and three croissants, please.

caffè never changes; cornetto → cornetti.

Spelling changes and true irregulars

  • -ca/-ga add an h to keep the hard sound: l'amica → le amiche, la riga → le righe.
  • -co/-go vary: il parco → i parchi, but l'amico → gli amici. Learn these one by one.
  • A few common irregulars: l'uomo → gli uomini, la mano → le mani, l'uovo → le uova.

Remember that the article changes too: il → i, la → le, lo and l' (masculine) → gli. Say the article and the noun together out loud — i libri, le case, gli amici — until the pair sounds natural.